Alaska Airlines Essays - Alaska Airlines, Star Air Service

Alaska Airlines Essays - Alaska Airlines, Star Air Service Alaska Airlines Alaska Airlines For nearly 70 years, Alaska Airlines has served the west coast of North America. Alaska Airlines has grown from a small regional airline in 1932 to one today that carries more than 12 million customers per year. Alaskas route system spans more than 40 cities and primarily services four countries: Canada, United States, Mexico, and Russia. Its fleet of 88 Boeing jets is the youngest among all major airlines and it has earned U.S. airline recognition from Travel & Leisure and Cond Nast Traveler magazines. The foundation of Alaska Airlines began in 1932, when Mac McGee started flying his three-seat Stinson between Anchorage and Bristol Bay, Alaska. In 1934, a merger with Star Air Service created the then-largest airline in Alaska. By the late 1940s, using surplus military aircraft, Alaska had branched into worldwide charter work, including the Berlin Airlift in 1948 and Operation Magic Carpet, the airlift of thousands of Yemenite Jews, to Israel in 1949. In the late 1960s, Alaska strengthened its operating base by merging with Alaska Coastal-Ellis and Cordova airlines, legendary Southeast Alaska carriers owned by aviation pioneers Shell Simmons, Bob Ellis and Mudhole Smith. Alaskas world now stretched from Fairbanks south to Ketchikan and down to Seattle. And in some of the coldest days of the Cold War, Alaska made headlines with regular charters to the Soviet Union. In 1972, Alaska Airlines faced severe financial difficulties. Fairbanks businessmen Ron Cosgrave and Bruce Kennedy were hired and they are credited with salvaging the airline, and winning the trust of creditors, employees, and customers by improving time performance and customer service. In addition, construction of the trans-Alaska pipeline brought a surge in business to the airline through the transport of supplies, equipment and workers. Finally, Cosgrave and Kennedy focused on customer service. In 1987, Alaska Airlines merged with Horizon Air and Jet America and increased its fleet five-fold. The following section provides an overview of the history of Alaska Airlines. Alaska Airlines History by Decade 1930s The company that ultimately became Alaska Airlines was born in 1932 when Linious Mac McGee painted McGee Airways on the side of a three-passenger Stinson and started flying out of Anchorage. In 1934, McGee merged with Star Air Service, creating the largest airline in Alaska with 22 aircraft. Flying in those days wasn't scheduled. You typically flew when the plane was full, be it passenger, furs or groceries. Finances were tight, but perseverance ruled the day. Business expanded in 37 with the purchase of Alaska Interior Airlines. Late that year, McGee sold Star to a group led by one of his former pilots, Don Goodman, who renamed the carrier Star Air Lines. The 1938 creation of the Civil Aeronautics Authority to regulate airlines signaled the end of the true bush-flying era. 1940s Star Air Lines received most of the routes it wanted from the CAA but was denied the coveted Alaska/Seattle run. That went to Pan American. Star bought three small Alaskan carriers in 1942, changed its name to Alaska Star Airlines and then Alaska Airlines in 1944. The company grew despite a shortage of workers during the war, feuds with the CAB, and cash troubles that had employees paying for fuel out of their own pockets. In the late 40s, charter operations overshadowed scheduled service, and Alaska became the largest charter operator in the world. Using surplus military aircraft, it flew everywhere, carrying food in the Berlin Airlift and refugees to the settlement of Israel. 1950s The airline expanded in 1950 with the purchase of two more small Alaskan carriers. Under CAB mandate, the far-flung charter business of the 40s was ended. But Alaska's dream came true in 51, when it received authority to fly from Anchorage and Fairbanks to Seattle and Portland. The CAB forced what it considered a business-saving change in management a short time later. As a result, Alaska's financial footing was improved, though still tenuous, when Charlie Willis, a decorated World War II pilot, came aboard as chairman and CEO in 57. A born marketer, he ushered in one of the most colorful eras in company history, and brought in-flight movies to the nation's skies for the first time. 1960s While the jet age was just coming to

Free Essays on Cognitive Learning

, children must continually ‘update’ their minds and learn facts to construct concrete results or learned material. While I disagree that behavior needs to change in order to have learning take place, I do think that those who change a negative behavior into a positive behavior as a result of observed learning is quite possible and absolutely beneficial. In fact, â€Å"behaviorism provided the dominating theoretical basis of curriculum development and educational technology during the 1960’s† (Gilliani, 2004). My parents were brought up and went to school during the 1960’s. One cannot refute the theory when it was the central argument on how to teach the youth of today during that time frame. I believe, however, that while it was the predominant theory then, it must take a back seat to the cognitive theory of learning. An example of why behavioral theory may not be the ‘correct’ theory is because of the many students I have taught that don’t model themselves after their teachers. Teachers are often trying to modify behaviors in the classroom. It is quite possible ... Free Essays on Cognitive Learning Free Essays on Cognitive Learning They say that learning is a life-long process. True. But as this process gets developed after birth, what do we contribute our learning to more: a change in behavior or a change in the way we think and analyze information? The question can be debated and will be discussed in this paper. The two theories in question are the Social Learning Theory and the Cognitive Theory. Social Learning is based upon the belief that â€Å"learning occurs when an observer’s behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model† (Bandura, 1986). This learned behavior could be either positive or negative. Cognitive Learning is founded on the belief that â€Å"children must continually reconstruct their own understanding of phenomena through active reflection on objects and events till they eventually achieve an adult perspective† (Piaget, 1952). In other words, children must continually ‘update’ their minds and learn facts to construct concrete results or learned material. While I disagree that behavior needs to change in order to have learning take place, I do think that those who change a negative behavior into a positive behavior as a result of observed learning is quite possible and absolutely beneficial. In fact, â€Å"behaviorism provided the dominating theoretical basis of curriculum development and educational technology during the 1960’s† (Gilliani, 2004). My parents were brought up and went to school during the 1960’s. One cannot refute the theory when it was the central argument on how to teach the youth of today during that time frame. I believe, however, that while it was the predominant theory then, it must take a back seat to the cognitive theory of learning. An example of why behavioral theory may not be the ‘correct’ theory is because of the many students I have taught that don’t model themselves after their teachers. Teachers are often trying to modify behaviors in the classroom. It is quite possible ...

Physical therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physical therapy - Essay Example Communication and interpersonal skills are necessary in the assessment of the patient’s condition and preparation of the most suitable plan of rehabilitation, as well as interact with the patient and his/her family. I am also willing to work in any environment whether in an outpatient clinic, hospital, nursing home, residential home, school, sports/fitness facility, or company (Physical Therapy – Topic par. 3). I am in a good physical condition and can very well lift and support the patient during exercises. As a hardworking and diligent student, I can maintain a satisfactory academic standing. I performed well in the science subjects (e.g. biology, chemistry, physics) I took. Thus, I will be able to hurdle higher science subjects needed in the course (e.g. biomechanics, neuroanatomy, human growth and development, manifestations of disease, therapeutic procedures) (McKay par. 3). I am also planning to take advance studies or specialization in order to better serve the patients (par. 4). I have keen analytical sense and observation, as well as problem-solving skills (Physical Therapy par. 5) which are necessary in making diagnosis and evaluation and providing the appropriate care and intervention. Lastly, I would subscribe to the ethical canons prescribed for Physical Therapist. Primarily, I enjoy working with other people and help them alleviate their plight. I believe that through Physical Therapy, I will be able to help them alleviate their pain, and rehabilitate and restore them to their former functioning. I am also inclined to advocate and educate people on injury prevention or treatment. Moreover, through this profession, I can help my family and relatives who may suffer from mobility and functioning impairment due to disease or accident. This career also offers a wide opportunity for employment and can treat patients from infants to older adults. I have interacted with people from

Northern Ireland Ethnic Conflict Research Paper

Northern Ireland Ethnic Conflict - Research Paper Example Through the Ireland’s government act of 1920, the Island was partitioned into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, a move that was opposed by some unionists and a majority of the nationalists. In addition, it became part of the Irish Free State that had been formed in the course of the Irish Free State Constitutional act of 1922 (O’Callagha), but afterward, the parliament of Northern Ireland picked out of the Irish Free State through an address to the king. This request having been granted, Northern Ireland received self-governing under the United Kingdom; a move that sparked sporadic violence in the region as some groups were opposed to the partitioning of Ireland. Following the state of tensions in the region, there were  across boarder migrations with Protestants moving northwards while Catholics moved southwards to the Free State. Some of the Northern Catholic Nationalists who remained in Northern Ireland felt isolated from the state after having failed to join the new police force in the Northern Ireland, which was largely constituted by the Unionist Protestants. Successive Unionist Prime ministers’ reigns between 1920s and 1970s saw the Catholic minorities who formed up the Nationalists being oppressed through discriminatory policies. For instance, local government elections were often rigged in favor of the Unionist candidates even in areas with a majority of the Nationalist Catholics. Employment opportunities were often granted in favor of the Unionists/Protestants especially in high-ranking influential positions in the government of Northern Ireland. This led to the decline in the Northern Ireland Nationalists population due to the tough living conditions they were subjected to. These discriminatory policies against the Northern Ireland Nationalist Catholics and the Northern Ireland’s associations with the United Kingdom led to the conflict and troubles in the Northern Ireland that pitted the majority Northern Ireland Pr otestants/Unionists against the minority Roman Catholic Nationalists (Engelhart). At this time in the crisis that was escalating into a war, the Irish Republican Army was formed to try to free the Northern Ireland from the British influence and domination of the unionists/Protestants. This armed force’s interim campaigns against the United Kingdom’s rule over Northern Ireland also wanted to spearhead the reunification of Ireland back to the former 32 state Irish Republic by restoring and strengthening its political boundaries (Mesev et. al. 874). The United Kingdom loyalist unionists in retaliation to the Irish Republican Army’s campaigns formed small military groups to fight against the IRA forces. The Ulster Volunteer Force was then created in 1966, as a rejoinder to the Irish Republican Force, which was threatening the continued dominance of the Unionists control over Northern Ireland. The Ulster Volunteer Force was mainly pro British and United Kingdomâ€⠄¢s relations and collaboration with Northern Ireland to the disdain of the Nationalists agenda through the IRA. The Ulster Volunteer Force was also fighting to reassert and further strengthen the Unionists control over Northern Ireland, which was declining due to the IRA campaigns. This violence  was made even prominent with the involvement of the United Kingdom State Controlled forces’ involvement in the disguise of restoring peace and calm

Leadership and Management Skills of the Great Personalities of the Essay

Leadership and Management Skills of the Great Personalities of the Twentieth Century - Essay Example The researcher states that even though Adolf Hitler, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Joseph Vissarrionovich Stalin and Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill belong to different nations, and cultures, one of the common elements seen in the behaviors of these people was their leadership skills or man management power. In fact, people adorned these leaders very much and were ready to do anything instructed by these leaders. In other words, people had blind faith in the abilities of these great leaders. Even though Hitler and Stalin were popular in their countries alone, Churchill and Roosevelt were very much popular all over the world. Stalin and Hitler worked only for the wellbeing of their people whereas Roosevelt and Churchill worked for the wellbeing of the global community, In other words, Hitler and Stalin were regional leaders whereas Roosevelt and Churchill were global leaders. The ability to solve problems in crises was the major element of similarity in the leadership of these four great personalities of the twentieth century.   Adolf Hitler, a politician of Austrian German, became boss of Nazi party in 1921 and being appointed the position of Germany Chancellor in 1933. In 1934, Hitler has assumed the office of German leader. During the Second World War, he was additionally appointed as Supreme Commander of German Armed Force. He was widely accepted as the main trigger of the Second World War.A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the precursor of the Nazi Party (DAP) in 1919 and became the leader of NSDAP in 1921. He attempted a failed coup detat known as the Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred at the Bà ¼rgerbrà ¤ukeller beer hall in Munich on November 8–9, 1923. Hitler was imprisoned for one year due to the failed coup, and wrote his memoir, "My Struggle" (in German Mein Kampf), while imprisoned. After his release on December 20, 1924, he gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, anti-capitalism, and anti-communism with c harismatic oratory and propaganda. He was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism.

Ontology Development Through Concept Maps Using Text Indices

Ontology Development Through Concept Maps Using Text Indices Abstract- Ontology acts as a platform for knowledge sharing and description to represent a particular domain in the form of customized web information gathering. While developing those ontologies for a particular domain, it emphasizes the knowledge base across the global information than the local in information. In this project represent a customized ontology system for a particular domain. Data mining is chosen as a domain to represent its concepts and scope globally. This system is developed by comparing the pre-existing ontologies on Data Mining and merging the essential features associated with it. Finally the ontological model developed for the domain Data Mining is represented as conceptual map using protà ©gà ©. The conceptual map helps in identifying the relationships between the concepts based on the semantics of the terms. Concept map can be in various different forms. Among that we represent the concept map for data mining in Onto-Graph. Index Terms- Concept Map Mining, Concept Map generation, Text Mining. 1. INTRODUCTION Various tools and techniques are used in the progress of the education field to attain the higher results and quality. Data Exploration is the practice of using visualization techniques to find unforeseen relationships between data points or sets of points in a large databases. Visualization techniques can also be applied to information that is already known. The purpose of any visualization to be used in an educational context is to facilitate the learning of some knowledge (idea, concept, fact, algorithm, relationship). In order to accomplish visualization it must make connections between the knowledge learner and the knowledge being taught. Conceptual structures such as concept maps, topic maps and conceptual graphs deal with organizing, processing and visualizing the domain knowledge in Web based educational systems (WBES)[1]. Concept maps are anticipated in order to overcome the shortcomings of mind map. Concept Maps are graphical representation of knowledge that are comprised of concepts and the relationships between them. Usually concepts are encapsulated in circle or boxes. The relationship between concepts is articulated in linking phrases, e.g., gives rise to, results in, is required by, or contributes to. Concept map uses the triple form concept-link-concept. Concept mapping is a tested, intuitive, low entry-cost technique for knowledge capture and composition. In Concept map concepts are represented in a hierarchical fashion with the most inclusive, most general concepts at the top of the map and the more specific, less general concepts arranged at the bottom level. Concept and web ontology language represent the same domain knowledge. Concept map comprises the nodes and labels and Web Ontology Language (OWL) have the classes, instances and properties. Figure 1.1 Correspondence of Main Ontology Elements To Concept Map The article is further organized as follows. In section 2 related works on conceptual map are narrated in a nutshell. In section 3 the keyword extraction and concept map generation is presented. In Section 4 the evaluation and implementation methods are described. The results and discussions and the conclusion are briefly discussed in section 5. 2. RELATED WORKS The main aim of this chapter is to describe the theoretical foundations and relevant background of concept map creation. It also brings out the different definitions of ontology an overview of keyword extraction, ontology creation, and concept maps the main aim of the project is to develop the domain ontology for Data Mining in order to provide the knowledge base in that domain. At this stage it is essential to have a glance about the pre-existing similar kind of ontology and grasp the knowledge base on that ontologies. There are various researches done on the concept of domain ontology especially on Data Mining. Ontology Ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization[2]. It is formally represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain, and the relationships between pairs of concepts. It can be used to model a domain and support reasoning about concepts. It provides a shared vocabulary, which can be used to model a domain, that is, the type of objects and/or concepts that exist, and their properties and relations. Visualization A good visualization certainly has to do more, but these criteria are useful to draw the line between a lot of things that are often called visualization and what we consider visualization in this field[3]. Based on (non-visual) data. A visualization’s purpose is the communication of data. That means that the data must come from something that is abstract or at least not immediately visible (like the inside of the human body). This rules out photography and image processing. Visualization transforms from the invisible to the visible[4]. Produce an image. It may seem obvious that a visualization has to produce an image, but that is not always so clear. Also, the visual must be the primary means of communication, other modalities can only provide additional information. If the image is only a small part of the process, it is not visualization[5]. Concept Map concept map is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, which it connects with labeled arrows in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. Concept maps are a way to develop logical thinking and study skills by revealing connections and helping students see how individual ideas form a larger whole. Concept maps were developed to enhance meaningful learning in the sciences. A well-made concept map grows within a context frame defined by an explicit focus question, while a mind map often has only branches radiating out from a central picture[6]. Concept Map History Concept Maps (CM) were introduced by Joseph Novak as a way to assess childrens understanding of science with graphical tools to organize and represent knowledge (Novak Gowin, 1984)[7]. In a CM, concepts are represented in boxes that are linked by labeled relationships; two related concepts (including their link) form a proposition or semantic unit. Concepts are also arranged hierarchically such that more general concepts are located higher on the map and specific concepts such as examples are located lower. Novak defines a concept as a perceived regularity in events or objects, or records of events or objects designated by a label. A concept by itself does not provide meaning, but when two concepts are connected using linking words or phrases, they form a meaningful proposition. Figure 2.1 Concept Map Using Tools Kuo-En Chang et.al.,[8] have developed the Effect of Concept Mapping to Enhance Text Comprehension and Summarization. Graphic strategies, such as graphic organizers and knowledge maps, have proved helpful for text learning, certain important application issues such as surface processing and cognitive overload have yet to be resolved. The authors tested the learning effects of a concept-mapping strategy. They designed three concept-mapping approaches—map correction, scaffold fading, and map generation—to determine their effects on students’ text comprehension and summarization abilities. The experimental results showed that the map-correction method enhanced text comprehension and summarization abilities and that the scaffold-fading method facilitated summarization ability. Nian-Shing et. al.,[9]. Chan have developed the Mining e-Learning domain concept map. Recent researches have demonstrated the importance of concept map and its versatile applications especially in e-Learning. For example, while designing adaptive learning materials, designers need to refer to the concept map of a subject domain. Moreover, concept maps can show the whole picture and core knowledge about a subject domain. Research from literature also suggests that graphical representation of domain knowledge can reduce the problems of information overload and learning disorientation for learners. However, construction of concept maps typically relied upon domain experts in the past; it is a time consuming and high cost task. Concept maps creation for emerging new domains such as e-Learning is even more challenging due to its ongoing development nature. The aim of this paper is to construct e-Learning domain concept maps from academic articles. The authors have adopted some relevant jo urnal articles and conference papers in e-Learning domain as data sources, and applied text-mining techniques to automatically construct concept maps for e-Learning domain. The constructed concept maps can provide a useful reference for researchers, who are new to the e-Leaning field, to study related issues, for teachers to design adaptive learning materials, and for learners to understand the whole picture of e-Learning domain knowledge. A system is developed to realize the whole process of automatic concept map construction for e-Learning domain. These processes are needed only once for constructing concept map database. Clariana .B et, al.,[9] have developed A Computer-Based Approach For Translating Text into Concept Map-Like Representations . Essays, concept maps provide a visual and holistic way to describe declarative knowledge relationships, often providing a clear measure of student understanding and most strikingly, highlighting student misconceptions. This article presents a computer-based approach that uses concept-map like Pathfinder network representations to make visual students’ written text summaries of biological content. A software utility called ALA-Reader was used to translate students’ written text summaries of the heart and circulatory system into raw proximity data, and then Pathfinder PCKNOT software was used to convert the proximity data into visual PFNets. The validity of the resulting PFNets as adequate representations of the students’ written text was considered by simply asking the students and also by comparing the correlation of human rater scores to the PFNet agreement-with-an-expert scores. The concept-map like PFNet representations of texts provided students (and their instructor) with another way of thinking about their written text, especially by highlighting correct, incorrect, and missing propositions in their text. This paper provides an overview of the approach and the pilot experimental results. The actual poster session will in addition demonstration the free ALA-Reader software and will also how to procure and use PCKNOT software. Method and Tools Twenty-four graduate students who are experienced practicing teachers enrolled in an educational assessment course used Inspiration software to create concept maps on the structure and function of the human heart while researching the topic online. Later outside of class, using their concept map they wrote text summaries as a precursor for the in-class activities of scoring the concept maps and text summaries (essays). In class, students discussed multiple scoring approaches and then working in pairs, scored all of the text summaries using a 5-point rubric that focused on three areas, content, style, mechanics, and overall. Tools: ALA-Reader software PCKNOT software Comparing text scores (from human raters)to the ALA-Reader/PFNet text scores. In this pilot study, graduate students used Inspiration software to create concept maps while researching the structure and function of the human heart online, these concept maps were used to write text summaries, and then the text summaries were translated into concept map-like representations using computer-based software tools. The findings suggest that this approach captures some aspects of science content and/or process knowledge contained in the students’ text summaries. The concept-map like PFNet representations of texts provides students (and their instructor) with another way of thinking about their written text and their science content knowledge, especially by highlighting correct, incorrect, and missing propositions. Given a little thought, there are multiple ways that this approach can be used instructionally. For example, one of our near term goals is to embed the text-to-map system into writing software and also to use the approach for answer judging (relative t o an expert) of extended constructed response items in online instruction[10]. 3. KEYWORD EXTRACTION AND CONCEPT MAP GENERATION A good concept map contains only relevant concepts (a perceived regularity in events or objects, or records of events or objects, designated by a label), connected by linking words into coherent propositions. On deciding what concepts to include in a concept map, and on linking them properly the author’s reflection is required . Concept maps have been used to support reading and writing activities, what is known as Text Concept Mapping (TCM) . The activities usually consist on summarizing the key ideas in a piece of text, and there are three ways of doing it: Building a concept map from scratch, fixing a previously built concept map and studying a concept map. In the first activity the students build a concept map without any support, in the second activity the teacher builds a map that has some errors and/or missing information that the students have to fix, and in the final activity the students study a concept map built by the teacher which summarizes the text. All activiti es have been shown to improve the students’ understanding on the readings’ topics . Concept Map Mining: Figure 3.1 CMM Process Concept Map Mining is defined as the extraction of concept maps from text that are useful in educational context. Its aim is to provide new ways to visualize the knowledge expressed in the text for human consumption. The CMM process consist on identifying the concept in a piece of text and the linking words that connect them. It has three sub-task which are: Concept Extraction, Relationship Extraction and summarization. The first task aims to identify every possible concept in the second aims to find all possible connections between the previous concepts and the third step consists on creating a reduced version of the map that summarizes the content, avoiding redundancy and maximizing coverage. This Concept Map Mining (CMM) is: The automatic extraction of concept maps from essays for educational purposes, and presented the analysis of a gold standard constructed for the purpose of evaluating the algorithms that will implement the task. The main goal of the analysis is to gain an understanding on the characteristics of the concept maps produced by human annotators when asked to create a summary of a piece of text. Such patterns will inform the design of the automatic algorithms that will implement CMM. 4. IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION The main intention of the paper is generating the concept map from the Web Ontology Language (OWL) ontologies. Existing ontologies which are already available on the web pages are used as the input. Web ontology Language (OWL) has the classes and properties, data type properties and object properties. The importance of automatic methods to enrich knowledge bases from free text is acknowledged by the knowledge management and ontology communities. Developing a domain knowledge base is an expensive and time consuming task, and static knowledge bases are difficult to maintain. This is especially true in the domain of online training. Domain ontology is central of the knowledge base. This research focuses mainly on the domain model and describes a semiautomatic methodology and tool, to build domain ontologies from English text. Concept maps are tends to make the structure of a body of knowledge much more significant for human users than other forms of knowledge representation. Hence, easily validated and enriched by a domain expert. Concept maps also foster meaningful learning and index sentences at a fine-grained level, which is required for efficient indexing and retrieval. In order to promote interoperability and reuse, concept maps pass through an export process that outputs lightweight domain ontology. The objectives of the research work are: To present a overview of keyword extraction and ontology creation. To extracting the keywords automatically from given text using java coding in eclips. To analyzing the extracted keywords and build ontology manually. To propose a automatic concept map for ontology creation from text. To view the concept map using OWL API 3.4.2 (Protege). Figure 4.1 Overview of Keyword Extraction Figure 4.2 Using Keyword Generating the Concept Map in OntoGraf Tool 5. CONCLUSION A number of enhancements and extensions are possible. We would like to enrich the keyword extraction with new structures and explore other ways of expressing patterns. Moreover, further thorough ontology and concept map are need to develop automatically. Additionally, the different types or structure documents are not only converting text document into ontology in future other structure documents also convert into ontology automatically The proposed framework for generating the concept map from the OWL ontologies having the ability to generate the concept map in the very effective manner. This is the main advantage of this proposed framework. This framework is suitable to generate the concept map at the minimum number nodes upto the maximum of fifty nodes. The number of nodes has to be increased and make the possible to view the more contents and the relationship between the concepts. In future, more refinement and enhancement will be added in the concept map generating software. OWL file could be transformed independently from their construction tool. The visualization of the concept map has to be increased to improve the clear visual presentation of the concepts and relationship.

The Greatest Commandment Essay -- Bible, God

The Greatest Commandment â€Å"to love God† is the first and greatest commandment of all. In researching this commandment I have found that to love God is truly what God really wants from all of us. The commandment is referenced in all four of the gospels of the New Testament as well as being referenced in the Old Testament through the Ten Commandments in which the New Testament was based on. This commandment is so powerful it is found in Luke 10:25-37, Mark 12:28-34, John 13:34-35 and Matthew 22:34-40. It is also found in Deuteronomy 6:5 and also based on the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20:1-17. Take for instance the gospel of Matthew in where the New Testament begins with the book of Matthew revealing the fulfillment of the prophecies in Jesus Christ, the long-awaited Messiah. Matthew was a Jewish tax collector for the Roman government who was called upon by Jesus to become one of the 12 apostles which often in his gospel will give us an eye witness account. Matthew wrote the gospel while living in Antioch, Syria after following Jesus between the years of A.D. 50-70. Matthews’s gospel provides an essential link between the Old and New Testament. Matthew 22:34-40 teaches us of the greatest commandment and what God wants from us foremost. In the scripture of Matthew 22:34-40 where this commandment is told by Jesus to the religious leaders, the Sadducees and the Pharisees who were attacking him and challenging him with one of the Pharisees in particular who was a lawyer decided to test Jesus in hopes of embarrassing him by asking: â€Å"Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the law?† (NIV, Matthew 22:36) Knowing that this was a difficult question because of the Ten Commandments in the Old Testament in which all are from ... ...merciful, for they will be shown mercy" and "Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God" (Holy Bible, Matthew 5:3-11). These scriptures say a lot to us reinstating what Matthew has written in how we should live our lives and follow the laws stated by Jesus in The Greatest Commandment so that we can obtain our peace of heart and give our love, ourselves selflessly to God. For when Jesus answered this question, the religious leaders and the Pharisees knew that he had answered well. After this question was answered Jesus also asked and answered a question about his son ship to God and from then on his answers showed his wisdom and those that questioned him never dared to ask Jesus any more questions. They knew that he was the son of the Lord. All knew and understood that these two Greatest Commandments were to be the law and the prophecies to live by.

Nokia Case Study Essay

Introduction: As a former global leader in the cell phone industry, Nokia have a history of great ability to adapt new markets with a solid strategy. Formed in 1865, Nokia started out as a lumber mill and moved on to the production of electricity and rubber. In 1992, Nokia decided to focus solely on the cell phones industry and rapidly obtained great market share, and later became pioneers of the wireless revolution which derived the smartphones. Despite this impressive past and former position in the cell phone industry, it is obvious from the case study that Nokia have several problems causing the crucial recession of its market share the past years. One of the problems is the slow decision making which halts the possibility of innovative activities. Despite a staggering cost of 40 billion dollars on Research and Development, none of Nokia’s cell phones reached the market due to the bad decision making and internal rivalries. In the cell phone industry, it is crucial that you act fast or else you will be outrun by the competitors, which is exactly what happened with Nokia. Rothaermel, Hess (2010, p. 13) states that consistent innovation is the factor that drives the worlds successfully companies and explains that innovation is a crucial competitive advantage for companies in a harsh economic time as it allows them to change the market in their favour and hopefully become market leader. Without any changes in the decision making process and in the innovative culture, Nokia will keep declining, as their competitors such as Apple and HTC Corporation will keep being in front and control the market. This paper will argue that, in order to achieve a bigger market share and a better competitive advantage, Nokia needs to speed up their decision making and change their innovative culture and the linkage between these activities. Relevant theory will be discussed as well as recommendations for future activities will be provided, in order to get Nokia back on track. Analysis and Argument The decision making process from the management of a company is a crucial process in both internal and external perspectives. It determines the current situation and the future of the company, and has to remain continuous due to the constant interactions from the environment. The decision making process determines whether the company succeed or fail when launching a new product on the market, and that is why the company has to know whether the market is ready for their product or not. Baum, J.R. and Wally, S. (2003) states that a fast pace of the decision making is crucial when competitive advantage is desired in a market, as the new product you are launching will be adopted in an early stage and enter the market quicker than your competitors. This argument is supported by Eisenhardt (1989; as cited in Zehir, C., Mehtap, Ãâ€". 2008 p. 1) who has conducted a study of eight high-tech firms and concluded that the most profitable of these eight firms, were the ones with the fastest decision making process. A more superior study was completed by Judge and Miller (1991; as cited in Zehir, C., Mehtap, Ãâ€". 2008 p. 1) who stated that there is no linkage between the speed of decision making process and the performance of a company only with the exception of fast-moving environments, such as the cell phone industry, where it was discovered that these participating companies had higher performance and fast decision making processes. The cell phone industry is a fast-moving environment due to the development of new technology and constant changes, and it is in this industry that Nokia is located. Finally, Zehir, C., Mehtap, Ãâ€". (2008) argues in the light of the above evidence and personal studies, that a strategy with fast decision making will lead to competitive advantage. The importance of a fast decision making strategy is supported by the fortune of Nokia from the case study. With a very slow decision making and the sacking of several products, followed up by internal disagreements, the competitors in the fast-moving external environment suddenly started to outrun Nokia, which didn’t manage to address their internal abilities, such as the innovativeness. According to Andersen, T.J. (2001; as cited in Zehir, C., Mehtap, Ãâ€". 2008 p. 4), especially this innovativeness reflects the company’s capability to be the first in their environment to launch a product or system, and create competitive advantage and corporate performance. Han, J.K., Kim, N., Srivastava, R.K. (1998) supports this theory and believes that the innovativeness serves the purpose of being a mediator between the company’s market orientation, and the company’s performance. Nokia have used a huge amount of expenses to obtain this market orientation, so one could argue that more efficient innovation is the key to reach better performance. This precise opinion is what Blundell, R., Griffith, R., Van Reenen, J. (1999) states, as they also links the innovation of a company, with the achievement of greater market share and market stock value. From the above mentioned theories of faster decision making strategy and an efficient innovation performance and the associating arguments of these theories, you can argue that a relationship and cooperation between them is crucial and inevitable. This theory is supported by Zehir, C., Mehtap, Ãâ€". (2008) who defines that the fast decision making combined with innovative performance will lead to better corporate performance. This relationship might be the key to get Nokia back on track and back at the top of the cell phone industry. Recommendation It is recommended that Nokia change their decision making strategy immediately and become more aware of the changes in the external environment. Nokia ought to design its decision making strategy around Eisenhardt, K. M. (1999) four keys to decision making strategy. First, Nokia needs to establish collective intuition by hosting regular meetings and realistic cases for the management department, which will develop their ability to discover threats and opportunities in an early stage and more precisely. Second, they must assemble diverse teams and challenge them through heuristic and stressing situations with numerous alternatives, so the teams will improve their decision making ability under pressure. Third, Nokia needs to discipline the timing of the decision making through paced time schedules, prototyping and consensus in the teams to maintain the momentum in the strategic choices. Lastly, emphasize a common goal and a clear set of rules, and remember to have fun. These tactics avoid that the decision makers are getting into interpersonal conflicts and waste the time on politics, which Nokia already have used incredible amounts of time doing without any luck. The execution of these four keys leads towards a more effective strategy, making the decision making process a cornerstone of the strategy. These four keys with the team based approach that is striving to create a common goal and keeping the process fun are to be transferred to the innovation department in order to optimize this as well. Teams of innovation and development are to be established, instead of letting the employees fight an internal battle for the right to keep their jobs. This battle creates disorder in the internal community, and is discouraging the employees and affects their efficiency. Instead, it is crucial that the innovative department works towards a common goal and is continuously challenged in order for them to keep the momentum and keep improving, while they are having fun doing it. Conclusion From the arguments presented in this paper, it is apparent that in order for Nokia to return to the top of the cell phone industry and reconquer the lost market share, they need to change the decision making strategy entirely, and develop a much faster and efficient one. This will allow them to launch new products to the market more frequently and increase the opportunity for successful products. These frequent products will promote the innovative performance and make the company more adaptable to the many changes in the environment, and allow them to affect the market themselves. It is not possible to choose which argument that is the most suitable, as they relate to each other because a faster decision making process leads to more efficient innovative performance, which leads to better corporate performance and more market share. The snowball effect will emerge, but Nokia has to start rolling the ball. With this in mind, these changes will not do it alone. Several corporate changes in the entire organization must be performed in order for this to succeed, but the history of Nokia will help them in this challenge, as they have faced great organizational changes before and know what it takes. References: Rothaermel, F.T & Hess, M (2010), ’Innovation Strategies Combined’, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 13-15, viewed 20 April 2013, ProQuest Research Library, Eisenhardt, K.M (1989), ‘Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 543-76 Judge, W.Q & Miller, A (1991), ‘Antecedents and outcomes of decision speed in different environmental contexts’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 449-63 Baum, J.R & Wally, S (2003), ‘Strategic decision speed and firm performance’, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24 No. 11, pp. 1107-29 Zehir, C & Mehtap, Ãâ€" (2008), ‘A field research on the relationship between strategic decision-making speed and innovation performance in the case of Turkish large-scale firms’, Management Decision, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 709-724, viewed 20 April 2013, ProQuest Research Library, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740810873473 Han, J.K, Kim, N & Srivastava, R.K (1998), ‘Market orientation and organizational performance: Is innovation a missing link?’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 30-45, viewed 20 April 2013, ProQuest Research Library, Andersen, T.J (2001), ‘Information technology, strategic decision-making approaches and organizational performance in different industrial settings’, Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 10, pp. 101-19 Blundell, R, Griffith, R & Van Reenen, J. (1999), ‘Market share, market value and innovation in a panel of British manufacturing firms’, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 66, No. 228, pp. 529-554, viewed 21 April 2013, ProQuest Research Library, Eisenhardt, K. M (1999) ‘Strategy as strategic decision making‘, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 65-72, viewed 21 April 2013, ProQuest Research Library,

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